Monday, May 27, 2013

Happy Memorial Day!

Happy Memorial Day!

What's not adorable about Ryan Gosling?Taylor Swift Look-a-Like Suffers a Broken Jaw?[The Frisky] Ryan Gosling Skips Out on Cannes Film Festival?[HollyWire] Lindsay Lohan Finally Tweets From Rehab?[Right Celebrity] Ashley Tisdale Dishes on Sex Symbol Status?[The Celebrity Cafe] Paz de la Huerta Looks Like a Mess at LAX?[The Blemish] Billy Joel Opens Up About Depression?[The Huffington Post] Prince Harry Back on ...

Happy Memorial Day! Stupid Celebrities Gossip Stupid Celebrities Gossip News

Source: http://stupidcelebrities.net/2013/05/memorial-day-gossip/

Allan Arbus Jaguars new uniforms aapl jenelle evans jenelle evans glenn beck AJ Clemente

Happiness Is an Inside Job - The Self Improvement Blog

laughter3 285By A Horton ?

Is happiness something out there over which you exert no control at all? Can it be that happiness is something elusive and difficult to find or is it just that you just don?t know how easy it actually is to be happy. Could it be that you don?t accept that happiness is a choice, instead you believe that it is something, which is dependent on extrinsic factors, over which you exert no or very little control at all. Happiness is there for the taking, if you stop looking outside of yourself for meaning, fulfilment and joy. Anyone can be happy at any time, if they choose and allow themselves to be happy.

Invite happiness into your experience

What does it take to get you into a state of happiness? Do factors outside of you dictate how happy you feel? Of course certain extrinsic factors do influence your state of happiness. My question is ?SHOULD THEY?. All we are ever exposed to throughout our lives are a number of different events. We then give these events meaning and based on the meaning we apportion to them, we either allow them to make us happy or sad. If happiness is a choice, should an event over which we have little or no control, dictate how we feel?

Understand Happiness

Do not try to control everything in your life. One of the biggest happiness busters I see all the time, is caused by people not accepting that life is unpredictable and that challenges may arrive at any time. Yes of course you need a vision and goals for the future, but accept that things won?t always go exactly according to plan, challenges can and will come along at any time. They are an inevitable part of any success journey. Challenges are not always possible to predict and more often than not, they arrive when least expected. Should something you can?t predict or control, dictate how happy you feel?

As General Dwight D Eisenhower said after being asked about the importance of planning before the Normandy landings, He said ?Planning was crucial before the battle began, but once the first cannon were fired the plans were of little value at all.? Accept that your vision gives you direction and your goals give you guidance on what daily action to take and then life happens. The universe will throw you a few challenges along your path to success; I believe to sharpen you up, not to steal your joy and happiness.

Challenges are never a reason to be unhappy, if viewed properly, they offer you new perspective and even reveal opportunities, which may have remained hidden, had you not encountered the challenge in the first place. Challenges are not a reason to be unhappy; they are a reason to celebrate. Each one, which comes your way, is bringing you just one step closer to the meaning and fulfilment you desire.

Take a Long-term Perspective

You cannot control your circumstances at a micro level, so don?t even try. Stop trying to control your circumstances at a micro level, expecting things to just go the way you want them to. Rather take a longer term view of your life. As Anthony Robbins said, ?We hugely overestimate all we can achieve in a year and massively underestimate, all we can achieve in a decade.? When you take a longer term perspective, it is far easier to see setbacks, challenges or roadblocks for what they really are. Short term issues, which when handled properly will just disappear in time. Allow your life to unfold within the broad constraints of your vision and goals,, take a longer term view of your life, accept that you can?t control everything and it will be far easier to invite happiness into your experience.

Live for Legacy

If you truly want to invite happiness and meaning into your life, then stop being self-absorbed and start looking beyond yourself, towards helping others. When you focus your energy on a cause larger than yourself and you stop thinking only of self, your world opens up and you will begin to experience true happiness and joy. Live your life in such a way that other people?s lives are touched in a meaningful way and you will start feeling happiness, in ways you could never imagine. There is no greater happiness, than can be found by helping and supporting others to realise their potential.

Develop Friendships

Yes happiness is an inside job, but when you have real and true friendships with people, who matter, being happy and content is far easier. Good friends are one of life?s real blessings and will support you to be happy. I have some incredible, caring friends, who I completely trust and admire. They most certainly help me to uncover my internal happiness and joy. Great relationships are a wonderful catalyst for happiness. Are you investing enough time into developing meaningful friendships? Time invested into building great friendships, is time well spent, as it provides one of the best support systems for your happiness.

Hi my name is Andrew Horton; I am an inspirational Speaker, Master Teacher, Radio and TV Host, Global Traveler and Author. My area of focus is in the field of human behavior, expanded awareness and enlightenment. I travel the planet constantly researching, learning and seeking ways to unlock the mysteries of the human mind. I delve into the inner workings of the universe, always looking for ways to understand my role in making things better and contributing to the improvement of the human experience. Please visit my website to sign up for a daily inspirational message, by following this link Daily Inspirational Message. This is your daily call to action, a reminder to do things better each day. Visit my website at http://www.andrewhorton.co.za

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=A_Horton
http://EzineArticles.com/?Happiness-Is-an-Inside-Job&id=7696912

?

?

Source: http://theselfimprovementblog.com/self-improvement/holistic-health/happiness-is-an-inside-job/

oklahoma city bombing Audrie Pott Bombing In Boston Rebel Wilson Patriots Day aubrey plaza boston marathon

Rats have a double view of the world

May 27, 2013 ? Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in T?bingen, using miniaturised high-speed cameras and high-speed behavioural tracking, discovered that rats move their eyes in opposite directions in both the horizontal and the vertical plane when running around. Each eye moves in a different direction, depending on the change in the animal's head position. An analysis of both eyes' field of view found that the eye movements exclude the possibility that rats fuse the visual information into a single image like humans do. Instead, the eyes move in such a way that enables the space above them to be permanently in view -- presumably an adaptation to help them deal with the major threat from predatory birds that rodents face in their natural environment.

Like many mammals, rats have their eyes on the sides of their heads. This gives them a very wide visual field, useful for detection of predators. However, three-dimensional vision requires overlap of the visual fields of the two eyes. Thus, the visual system of these animals needs to meet two conflicting demands at the same time; on the one hand maximum surveillance and on the other hand detailed binocular vision.

The research team from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics have now, for the first time, observed and characterised the eye movements of freely moving rats. They fitted minuscule cameras weighing only about one gram to the animals' heads, which could record the lightning-fast eye movements with great precision. The scientists also used another new method to measure the position and direction of the head, enabling them to reconstruct the rats' exact line of view at any given time.

The Max Planck scientists' findings came as a complete surprise. Although rats process visual information from their eyes through very similar brain pathways to other mammals, their eyes evidently move in a totally different way. "Humans move their eyes in a very stereotypical way for both counteracting head movements and searching around. Both our eyes move together and always follow the same object. In rats, on the other hand, the eyes generally move in opposite directions," explains Jason Kerr from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics.

In a series of behavioural experiments, the neurobiologists also discovered that the eye movements largely depend on the position of the animal's head. "When the head points downward, the eyes move back, away from the tip of the nose. When the rat lifts its head, the eyes look forward: cross-eyed, so to speak. If the animal puts its head on one side, the eye on the lower side moves up and the other eye moves down." says Jason Kerr.

In humans, the direction in which the eyes look must be precisely aligned, otherwise an object cannot be fixated. A deviation measuring less than a single degree of the field of view is enough to cause double vision. In rats, the opposing eye movements between left and right eye mean that the line of vision varies by as much as 40 degrees in the horizontal plane and up to 60 degrees in the vertical plane. The consequence of these unusual eye movements is that irrespective of vigorous head movements in all planes, the eyes movements always move in such a way to ensure that the area above the animal is always in view simultaneously by both eyes -something that does not occur in any other region of the rat's visual field.

These unusual eye movements that rats possess appear to be the visual system's way of adapting to the animals' living conditions, given that they are preyed upon by numerous species of birds. Although the observed eye movements prevent the fusion of the two visual fields, the scientists postulate that permanent visibility in the direction of potential airborne attackers dramatically increases the animals' chances of survival.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/-VslgCEbl9k/130527100530.htm

carmelo anthony nurse jackie nurse jackie peeps nhl playoffs 2012 masters shroud of turin

Sunday, May 26, 2013

Welcome to Team Reactionary (Unqualified Offerings)

Share With Friends: Share on FacebookTweet ThisPost to Google-BuzzSend on GmailPost to Linked-InSubscribe to This Feed | Rss To Twitter | Politics - Top Stories News, RSS Feeds and Widgets via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/308334658?client_source=feed&format=rss

reggie wayne taylor allderdice vincent jackson vicki gunvalson pierre garcon brown recluse spider wiz khalifa taylor allderdice

In soggy North Dakota, hopes rise that floodwaters won't

Threats of flooding began to abate Thursday, as emergency steps to protect towns along the Tongue River in northeastern North Dakota appeared to take effect. The Midwest has had its challenges with spring floods this year.

By Mark Guarino,?Staff writer / May 24, 2013

In this aerial photo taken Wednesday, floodwater from heavy rains in northeast North Dakota surround a farm west of Cavalier, N.D., in Pembina County.

Eric Hylden/The Grand Forks Herald/AP

Enlarge

The 1,300 residents of Cavalier, N.D., may be breathing a little easier Thursday, as the threat that their town would be submerged in floodwaters began to abate.

Skip to next paragraph

' + google_ads[0].line2 + '
' + google_ads[0].line3 + '

'; } else if (google_ads.length > 1) { ad_unit += ''; } } document.getElementById("ad_unit").innerHTML += ad_unit; google_adnum += google_ads.length; return; } var google_adnum = 0; google_ad_client = "pub-6743622525202572"; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '1'; google_feedback = "on"; google_ad_type = "text"; // google_adtest = "on"; google_image_size = '230x105'; google_skip = '0'; // -->

The all-clear has not yet sounded to allow evacuees ? virtually the entire town ? to return to their homes. But an emergency levee built earlier this week by National Guard troops appears to be relieving pressure on nearby Renwick Dam, which officials had worried would be overwhelmed as the lake behind it rose amid a deluge caused by five days of unrelenting rain and runoff from feeder creeks and streams.

Renwick Dam on the Tongue River, located six miles west of Cavalier, is an earth-and-concrete barrier. Its failure would leave the downstream area standing in at least a foot of water, officials say. Cavalier is located about 85 miles north of Grand Forks in northeastern North Dakota.

The lake behind the dam had risen a perilous 17 feet, prompting concerns about the dam's ability to hold the water. However, by Thursday the lake level had dropped about a foot.

?The situation is improving. Of course, there is still a threat level, but it is starting to dial back,? Pembina County Emergency Manager Andrew Kirking told the Associated Press Tuesday. Residents of Cavalier are expected to be able to go home?sometime over the Memorial Day weekend.

Crystal, N.D., a smaller town about 15 miles south of Cavalier, has also evacuated, amid reports of basement flooding in at least 30 homes. Those waters also began to recede on Thursday.

The challenges this week in North Dakota mirror those across the Midwest, which has seen some treacherous spring floods.

In late April, the Mississippi River crested 10 to 12 feet above flood stage in several spots from the Quad Cities area on the Iowa-Illinois border to St. Louis, causing three deaths, swamped farmland, and highway closings. In St. Louis, 114 barges broke loose on the Mississippi, and 10 of them sank, according to US Coast Guard officials.

Major floods inundated the Northwest Side of Chicago and nearby suburbs, where the Des Plaines River swelled to about 11 feet above flood level in late April, its highest in 27 years. The Illinois River, which runs southwest and empties into the Mississippi River, broke a 70-year high-water record near Peoria, Ill.; volunteers prevented flooding by surrounding the city?s downtown with a three-foot-high wall of sandbags.

Last summer, the Midwest experienced a severe drought. This spring's wet weather is not necessarily a boon, however. It has prevented or delayed spring planting, as farmers wait for their fields to recover from oversaturation. By late April, only 1 percent of the Illinois corn crop had been planted, compared with the average 24 percent for that time of year, the US Department of Agriculture reported. The best way for Midwestern farmers to emerge from the drought, say agriculture experts, is to receive a period of wet weather that can be sustained over a season, not one that is dumped on the area in a few days or weeks.?

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/PoWuGXHhP3E/In-soggy-North-Dakota-hopes-rise-that-floodwaters-won-t

Amanda Berry Farrah Abraham Sex Tape Met gala lauryn hill teacher appreciation week Jodi Arias trial cinco de mayo

Obama: Gov't with Oklahoma 'every step' of the way

President Barack Obama tries to comfort Plaza Towers Elementary School principal Amy Simpson Sunday May 26, 2013, in Moore, Okla., as he views the devastation of the school caused by tornado and severe weather last week. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama tries to comfort Plaza Towers Elementary School principal Amy Simpson Sunday May 26, 2013, in Moore, Okla., as he views the devastation of the school caused by tornado and severe weather last week. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama walks across the tarmac to greet people as he arrives on Air Force One, Sunday, May 26, 2013, at Tinker Air Force Base in Midwest City, Okla., en route to the Moore, Okla., to see the response to the severe tornadoes and weather that devastated the area. He will also visit with the families affected, and with first responders. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama greets people on the tarmac as he arrives Sunday, May 26, 2013, at Tinker Air Force Base in Midwest City, Okla., en route to the Moore, Okla., to see the response to the severe tornadoes and weather that devastated the area. He will also visit with the families affected, and first responders. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama is greeted by Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin as he arrives Sunday, May 26, 2013, at Tinker Air Force Base in Midwest City, Okla., en route to the Moore, Okla., to see the response to the severe tornadoes and weather that devastated the area. He will also visit with the families affected, and first responders. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama and school officials view the destroyed Plaza Towers Elementary School, Sunday, May 26, 2013, in Moore, Okla., following the devastating tornado and severe weather last week. At the far right is FEMA administrator W. Craig Fugate. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

(AP) ? President Barack Obama visited tornado-devastated Moore, Okla., Sunday, consoling people staggered by the loss of life and property and promising that the government will be behind them "every step of the way."

"I'm just a messenger here," the president said, saying "folks are behind you" across America. He offered moral and monetary support in the wake of the monstrous EF5 tornado that killed 24 people, including 10 children, last Monday afternoon.

Standing with Gov. Mary Fallin and other state and federal officials, Obama noted a substantial rebuilding job ahead and said that "our hearts go out to you."

"This is a strong community with strong character. There's no doubt they will bounce back," he said. "But they need help."

The White House said the Federal Emergency Management Agency has already provided $57 million in rebates and incentives to help build about 12,000 storm shelters in Oklahoma. "These storm shelters can be the difference between life and death," presidential spokesman Josh Earnest told reporters accompanying Obama to Oklahoma on Air Force One.

For Obama, Sunday's visit had an all-too-familiar ring.

Only five months into his second term, he has traveled to the northeast to console people in the wake of the Boston Marathon bombing, and visited Connecticut and Arizona to comfort people traumatized by shooting rampages. He also has undertaken his consoler-in-chief role at the site of plant explosions and mine disasters, not to mention a series of natural disasters including Joplin, Mo., and the Jersey Shore, which was heavily damaged by Superstorm Sandy last year.

Once on the ground, Obama urged the American people to make contributions, saying the damage was "pretty hard to comprehend."

Shortly after his arrival on a partly cloudy day, Obama rode past grassy fields strewn with scattered debris, witnessing devastation so awesome that it appeared as if garbage had literally rained from the sky. His first stop was the demolished site of the Plaza Towers Elementary School, where seven students were killed when the tornado turned the one-story building into a heap of bricks, broken concrete and twisted metal.

"I know this is tough," he told superintendent Susie Pierce as he gripped her hand. As he walked, the demolished school was on his left and on his right, homes as far as the eye could see were reduced to piles of rubble. Vehicles were turned upside down and toys like a pink doll carriage and children's books were strewn with furniture and ripped out wall insulation. Every tree had been stripped of its leaves and bark.

Obama at one point joined the Lewis family, which lost their home behind the school. He said the important thing was that they survived and could replace their things.

"What a mess," he told their son Zack, a third grader at the shattered school. Zack's father, Scott, ran into the school just before the storm hit and ran with his terrified son back to their home's storm shelter.

"You've got some story to tell," Obama told the boy. "This is something you'll remember all your life."

Obama later met privately with victims' families at Moore Fire Department Station (hash)1, which has turned into a command center with dozens of first responders sitting at folding tables where fire trucks are normally parked. Obama marveled that they saved so many lives "given the devastation."

"I know this is tough," he told superintendent Susie Pierce as he gripped her hand.

As he descended the stairs upon landing at Tinker Air Base near here, Obama was greeted first by Fallin, who had said earlier she appreciated the visit, but that her state also needed quick action from FEMA.

The Republican governor said that so far, the agency has done a great job of speeding relief and cash assistance to affected families, but said she's concerned about the long run.

"There's going to come a time when there's going to be a tremendous amount of need once we begin the debris clearing, which we already have, but really get it cleared off to where we need to start rebuilding these homes, rebuilding these businesses," she said on CBS' "Face the Nation." ''And we know at different times in the past, money hasn't come always as quickly as it should."

Fallin said the money is particularly vital for the victims. "A lot of people lose their checkbooks, they lose their credit cards, they lose their driver's license, their birth certificates, their insurance papers, they lose everything, and they have no cash. And some of the banks were even hit, the ATM machines, so people need cash to get immediate needs," she said on CBS.

Earnest touted the federal contributions so far, including Obama's signing of a disaster declaration within hours of the storm to speed aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Earnest said that 450 FEMA personnel were working on the ground in Oklahoma and have delivered 43,000 meals, 150,000 liters of water and thousands of cots, blankets and tarps. He said 4,200 people have applied for disaster assistance, and $3.4 million in payments have been approved.

Among the tornado victims were 10 children, including two sisters pulled by the strong winds out of their mother's grasp, an infant who died along with his mother trying to ride out the storm in a convenience store and seven students at Plaza Towers. Many students were pulled from the rubble after the school was destroyed.

___

Follow Nedra Pickler on Twitter at https://twitter.com/nedrapickler

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-05-26-Obama/id-a8bbc9ac55ba4979b8f0a336687fa5ca

masters winner instagram facebook chicago cubs split pea soup recipe the client list yahoo.com/mail baylor

The Inevitable Decline of Great Britain (Cont.) (Powerlineblog)

Share With Friends: Share on FacebookTweet ThisPost to Google-BuzzSend on GmailPost to Linked-InSubscribe to This Feed | Rss To Twitter | Politics - Top Stories Stories, News Feeds and News via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/308185586?client_source=feed&format=rss

Suzanne Barr Clint Eastwood speech Maria Montessori clint eastwood Julian Castro Blue Moon August 2012 Eddie Murphy Dead

Saturday, May 25, 2013

Samsung, LG join forces with Korean cable companies to push UHDTV content

Samsung, LG join forces with Korean cable companies to push UHDTV programming

No matter how many 4K TVs hit shelves, without native content their appeal will likely remain limited. Samsung and LG are working to change that, at least in their home country, by announcing a memorandum of understanding with five Korean cable operators (Hyundai HCN, CJ HelloVision, C&M, CMB and T-Broad) to boost 4K TV broadcasts. We could see both live and on-demand 4K programming by the end of this year or early next year, made available via apps on smart TVs and streamed through South Korea's abundant high speed internet connections. Still not enough resolution for you? Just last week, Japan's NHK showed off the first 8K Super Hi-Vision narrative film at the Cannes Film Festival. We'll let you know when all of these developments add up to Ultra HDTV content viewable in your neck of the woods, but for now early adopters will have to make do with mostly upscaled content like Sony's Mastered in 4K 1080p Blu-ray discs.

Filed under: , , ,

Comments

Source: Samsung Korea, Korea Newswire

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/y4MAHnWJl4I/

lindsay lohan saturday night live snl lindsay lohan valley fever project x the lorax lorax fisker karma

JPMorgan wins contract from Russian government to boost its credit ...

Beating out a number of other investment banks, JP Morgan will consult Russia in its effort to boost the country?s sovereign credit ratings.

Deputy Finance Minister Sergey Storchak said JP Morgan will act as a liaison between the Ministry of Finance and rating agencies, RIA Novosti reported.

Storchak also hinted that Russia will be reviewed by one of the major international rating agencies in the near future.

The government expects that by 2016 Russia will have the highest rating from international agencies.

At present, Russia is rated "BBB" by Fitch and S & P, and "Baa1" by Moody's.? Fitch and S&P both downgraded Russia following the 2008 financial crisis prompting then Prime Minister Putin to call it an ?outrage?.

Last week, the Russian rating agency ?Expert RA? gave Russia an ?A-? grade, higher than any international rating agency.

Though the Ministry of Finance is hiring outside help to improve their rating, its head,? Anton Siluanov, doesn?t foresee the rating changing any time in the near future.

"I do not think that there will be any changes in terms of Russia?s rating,? Siluanov said on Wednesday.

First Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov sees a positive change in the near future.?

"Now the situation in the economy is changing. I can?t say that it is much better, but there are some changes. If you look at fundamental economic indicators- the budget, and employer sentiment- I think that the situation is slightly better now,? said Shuvalov.

According to the Ministry of Finance statement, JP Morgan was selected over other unnamed investment banks for its quality of proposal, ability to achieve results and experience and reputation of the bank.

The document neither outlines the length of the contract or payment details.

In late January, the Russian government agreed a three year $500,000 contract with Goldman Sachs to improve its investment bank image as well as credit ratings.

JP Morgan is the largest U.S. bank in terms of assets. JP Morgan opened a representative office in Moscow in 1973, but doesn?t offer any retail banking, only investment banking and related services.

Source: http://rt.com/business/jpmorgan-contract-russian-government-752/

clooney arrested southern miss rod blagojevich rod blagojevich uconn vcu mario williams

Girl, 14, rocks Internet with Van Halen guitar solo

Music

22 hours ago

Eddie Van Halen is regarded as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, and his solo on the 1978 song "Eruption" is second on Guitar World's list of the 50 best. A 14-year-old girl on YouTube named Tina S. is now racking up views with her spot-on cover of the rock classic.

Uploaded on May 20, more than 1.7 million people have watched Tina as she plays seated, almost no emotion on her face, fingers dancing along the neck of her Vigier Excalibur Custom electric guitar.

For a minute and a half, Van Halen fans of the 1970s and '80s can close their eyes and be transported back to the postered walls of their bedrooms -- look, there's you, with the feathered hair!

"Eruption" originated in an interesting fashion for Van Halen. According to Guitar World, Van Halen says the song wasn't even supposed to be on the band's debut, self-titled album. "I showed up at the studio early one day and started to warm up because I had a gig on the weekend and I wanted to practice my solo-guitar spot," Van Halen said. "Our producer, Ted Templeman, happened to walk by and he asked, 'What?s that? Let?s put it on tape!'"

Van Halen says he played the bit twice for the record and they kept one. "I didn?t even play it right --there?s a mistake at the top end of it. Whenever I hear it, I always think, 'Man, I could?ve played it better.'" But he also told Guitar World that he liked the way "Eruption" sounds and had "never heard a guitar sound like that before."

The commenters on YouTube are perfectly happy with the way Tina plays it, with many joking that they're giving up the guitar in the wake of such young talent.

"Everyone else go back to guitar hero," writes 943TheSharkRocks. "You have lost the race."

Van Halen himself, now 58, is obviously all over YouTube in videos that capture his version of "Eruption." A quick scan puts the number of views of the top-surfacing videos somewhere around 30 million. Here's one (note to Tina: lit cigarette in the head of guitar for seasoned rockers only):

Other videos on Tina's page show her playing Van Halen's solo on Michael Jackson's "Beat It"; a cover of AC/DC's "Back in Black"; and the acoustic solo from the Eagles' "Hotel California" in 2008 ... when she was about 9 years old.

Source: http://www.today.com/entertainment/girl-14-rocks-internet-cover-classic-van-halen-guitar-solo-6C10053250

orange crush harden nor easter nor easter veep los angeles kings timothy leary

Friday, May 24, 2013

Madison Square Garden offers the Street exclusive real estate ...

Nonprofits ? the Cuyahoga Land Bank, NeighborWorks America, Rebuilding Together, the National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals, PCV|VRM Seeds of Hope and many more local organizations ? are investing significant resources to improve America?s most vulnerable housing markets.

Source: http://www.housingwire.com/fastnews/2013/05/23/madison-square-garden-offers-street-exclusive-real-estate-investment

Sam Mikulak London 2012 diving Tim Berners-Lee Olympics 2012 Schedule Kenneth Branagh Lupe Ontiveros London 2012 China

DNA damage: The dark side of respiration

Thursday, May 23, 2013

Adventitious changes in cellular DNA can endanger the whole organism, as they may lead to life-threatening illnesses like cancer. Researchers at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich now report how byproducts of respiration cause mispairing of subunits in the double helix.

The DNA in our cells controls the form and function of every cell type in our bodies. The instructions for this are encoded in the linear sequence of the four subunits found in DNA, the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Random changes in the sequence can lead to cell dysfunction, and may result in unrestricted cell proliferation and malignancies. Mutations can be induced by a variety of agents. For example, cellular respiration, i.e. the reduction of inspired oxygen to water, which powers cell function, also generates highly reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA, with the purine bases G and A being particularly susceptible to this kind of attack.

"Reactive oxygen species are responsible for two different sorts of DNA damage, as they induce formation of both 8-oxo-G and FaPy-G," says Professor Thomas Carell of the Department of Chemistry at LMU. In 2004, work done by Carell and his team defined how 8-oxo-G generates mutations. However, the basis for the mutagenic effect of FaPy-G has remained obscure ? until now. In their latest publication, Carell and his colleagues describe how FaPY-G leads to mispairing of bases in the double helix.

Pernicious partner swapping

One G in one strand of the double helix normally matches up with a C on the other, forming a G:C pair. But as a consequence of damage by reactive oxygen species, the guanine base may be transformed into FaPy-G, so that we get a FaPy-G:C base pair. "We have now shown that, in the course of DNA replication prior to cell division, FaPy-G interacts with adenine, leading to the formation of FaPy-G:A base pairs. This partner swap is unusual, since unmodified guanine normally does not team up with adenine," Carell notes.

FaPy-G is subsequently recognized as abnormal and is removed by DNA repair enzymes. The missing base is replaced by a T ? which is the usual partner for A. The net result is that the original G:C base pair has been converted into an A:T pair, and the base sequence has undergone a potentially dangerous mutation.

This outcome is made possible by the fact that the cell's damage-control systems find it surprisingly difficult to distinguish the normal guanine base from its aberrant derivative FaPy-G during DNA replication. "That this defect then leads to mispairing with adenine is one of the main reasons for the spontaneous development of tumors," says Carell. "So with every breath we take, our risk of getting cancer goes up by a teeny-weeny bit." Further insights into the reasons why FaPy-G often eludes the cell's detection and correction systems could help to improve the treatment of cancer, as the inhibition of DNA repair processes in tumor cells increases their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs.

###

Article: http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nchembio.1254.html

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t M?nchen: http://www.uni-muenchen.de

Thanks to Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t M?nchen for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 40 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/128372/DNA_damage__The_dark_side_of_respiration

Kate McKinnon gwyneth paltrow Pink moon Champions League Schwab cispa Katherine Russell Tsarnaev

Holder: U.S. killed four Americans overseas in drone strikes

Anwar al-Awlaki, shown in Yemen in October 2008, was killed in a U.S. drone strike. (Muhammad ud-Deen/AP file)Attorney General Eric Holder informed Congress on Wednesday that the U.S. has killed four Americans in drone strikes since 2009: radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki and three others who were ?not specifically targeted.?

Holder?s disclosure, first reported by the New York Times, came a day before President Barack Obama was to defend his counterterrorism strategy in an afternoon speech at National Defense University. Obama was slated to focus on drone strikes?which have sparked anger across the Muslim world and increasingly tough questions in Congress?and on his broken promise to close the Guantanamo Bay prison for suspected extremists.

Separately, the Wall Street Journal reported that Obama planned to lift a ban on sending prisoners from Guantanamo to Yemen. The administration prohibited transfers to Yemen out of concern that, once there, they might carry out attacks or radicalize other Yemenis.

The administration will also resume transferring detainees to their home countries that the Pentagon has cleared for release, the paper reported.

Eighty-six of the 166 Guantanamo detainees have been cleared. Of those, 56 are from Yemen. But the first transfers will likely be of prisoners not from Yemen, the Journal reported, citing U.S. officials.

There is little appetite in Congress for closing the brig. Republicans and some Democrats have opposed doing so. And lawmakers of both parties were sure to scrutinize the attorney general's letter on drones.

"The President has directed me to disclose certain information that until now has been properly classified," Holder said in a letter to Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., that was made public by the administration.

"Since 2009, the United States, in the conduct of U.S. counterterrorism operations against al-Qa'ida and its associated forces outside of areas of active hostilities, has specifically targeted and killed one U.S. citizen," Awlaki, Holder wrote.

"The United States is further aware of three other U.S. citizens who have been killed in such U.S. counterterrorism operations over that same time period," he wrote. "These individuals were not specifically targeted by the United States."

Awlaki was killed in a drone strike in Yemen on Sept. 30, 2011. His 16-year-old-son, Abdulrahman Anwar al-Awlaki, was killed in another strike two weeks later. Obama was "surprised and upset and demanded an explanation" for the second attack, according to a new book about the president's counterterrorism strategy.

Two other Americans, Samir Khan and Jude Kenan Mohammed, were also killed in drone attacks, Holder wrote.

The letter also went to the heads of the armed services, intelligence, foreign relations, and judiciary committees of the Senate and House of Representatives, as well as the chambers' top Republican and Democratic leaders.

A White House official confirmed that the disclosure was timed "to coincide with the speech the president will give tomorrow, in which he will discuss our broader counterterrorism strategy?including the policy and legal rationale for our use of targeted, lethal force against al-Qaida and its associated forces." It also reflects Obama's commitment "to pursue greater transparency around our counterterrorism operations," the official said on condition of anonymity.

Holder also disclosed for the first time that Congress knew early on about plans to kill Anwar al-Awlaki.

Top officials "briefed the appropriate committees of Congress on the possibility of using lethal force against al-Aulaqi," Holder wrote. "Indeed, the Administration informed the relevant congressional oversight committees that it had approved the use of lethal force against al-Aulaqi in February 2010 -well over a year before the operation in question -and the legal justification was subsequently explained in detail to those committees, well before action was taken against Aulaqi.?

And the attorney general said key congressional committees will be briefed on a document that institutionalizes what he called ?exacting standards and processes? for deciding when to capture or kill a suspected extremist ?outside the United States and areas of active hostilities.?

The human rights group Amnesty International reacted with alarm.

?No one should be reassured by Attorney General Holder's letter to Senator Leahy,? Zeke Johnson, the organization?s director of Security with Human Rights, said in a statement.

?The Obama administration continues to claim authority to kill virtually anyone anywhere in the world,? he said. ?An independent investigation into all alleged extrajudicial killings should begin immediately, with remedy for any killings found to be unlawful.?

Leahy said on Wednesday he had spoken to Holder. ?I appreciated his briefing about the letter and other matters. I will be reviewing it, among other materials, and look forward to the president's address," the senator said.

By disclosing that the administration is looking to write formal rules for drone strikes and making another stab at closing Guantanamo Bay, Obama is keeping promises he made in his State of the Union.

?I recognize that in our democracy, no one should just take my word for it that we?re doing things the right way,? he said in that speech. ?So in the months ahead, I will continue to engage Congress to ensure not only that our targeting, detention and prosecution of terrorists remains consistent with our laws and system of checks and balances, but that our efforts are even more transparent to the American people and to the world.?

He's also giving a nod to concerns from Americans?including many in his Democratic base?uneasy with both his targeted assassination policy and the prospects of keeping prisoners locked up forever without charge or trial.

Obama?s speech on Thursday also comes as key lawmakers are looking at revising the post-9/11 law that underpins virtually every aspect of the so-called war on terrorism.

The law, best known as the Authorization for Use of Military Force, or AUMF, sailed through Congress by overwhelming votes shortly after the 2001 terror attacks. It gave the president the power ?to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.?

Critics?from human rights and civil liberties groups to influential members of Congress?have argued that the legislation is outdated and that the executive branch has used it for purposes beyond its original intent.

?The fact is that this authority ? has grown way out of proportion and is no longer applicable to the conditions that prevailed that motivated the United States Congress to pass the Authorization for the Use of Military Force that we did in 2001,? Republican Sen. John McCain told a Pentagon witness at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing last week.

White House press secretary Jay Carney told reporters on Wednesday that Obama recognizes the ?absolutely valid and legitimate? criticisms and concerns about his drone policy. And the president agrees ?there need to be structures in place that remain in place for successive administrations so that in the carrying out of counterterrorism policy, procedures are followed that allow it to be conducted in a way that ensures that we?re keeping with our traditions and our laws.?

And the speech itself reflects Obama?s desire to shape the debate.

But the White House attitude toward a rewrite of the AUMF has undergone several changes.

In March, spokesman Josh Earnest said the legislation did not need any updating.

?At this point, we feel like we have the authorities we need to go after elements of al-Qaida and those self-identified enemies of the United States and our allies and our interests, and we?re doing that very aggressively in order to protect the American people and our interests,? Earnest said by phone in response to a question from Yahoo News.

By early May, with Congress apparently ready to work on changing the AUMF with or without the White House, the message had changed.

?The Administration welcomes continued engagement with Congress on critical national security issues questions relating to the conflict with the Taliban and al-Qaida,? National Security Council Spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden told Yahoo News in an email.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/holder-four-americans-killed-overseas-drone-strikes-since-204200672.html

james cameron liam hemsworth miss canada justin bieber boyfriend marianas trench camille grammer camille grammer

Thursday, May 23, 2013

Scientists develop worm EEG to test the effects of drugs

May 22, 2013 ? Scientists from the University of Southampton have developed a device which records the brain activity of worms to help test the effects of drugs.

NeuroChip is a microfluidic electrophysiological device, which can trap the microscopic worm Caenorhadbitis elegans and record the activity of discrete neural circuits in its 'brain' -- a worm equivalent of the EEG.

C. elegans have been enormously important in providing insight into fundamental signalling processes in the nervous system and this device opens the way for a new analysis. Prior to this development, electrophysiological recordings that resolve the activity of excitatory and inhibitory nerve cells in the nervous system of the worm required a high level of technical expertise -- single microscopic (1mm long) worms have to be trapped on the end of a glass tube, a microelectrode, in order to make the recording. The worms are very mobile as well as being small and this can be a challenging procedure.

The microfluidic invention consists of a reservoir through which worms can be fed, one after the other, into a narrow fluid-filled channel. The channel tapers at one end and this captures the worm by the front end. The worm is then in the correct orientation for recording the activity of the nervous system in the anterior of its body. The device incorporates metal electrodes, which are connected to an amplifier to make the recording. The design of the trapping channel has been optimised by PhD student Chunxiao Hu, so that the quality of the worm 'EEG' recording is sufficient to resolve the activity of components of the neural circuit in the worm's nervous system.

This device has been used to detect the effects of drugs and is highly suitable for high throughput screens (which allow researchers to quickly conduct millions of chemical, genetic or pharmacological tests) in neurotoxicology and for generic screening for neuroactive drugs. It has more power to resolve discrete effects on excitatory, inhibitory or modulatory transmission than previously possible with behavioural screens.

Lindy Holden-Dye, Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Southampton and lead author of the paper, says: "We are particularly interested in using this as a sensitive new tool for screening compounds for neurotoxicity. It will allow us to precisely quantify sub-lethal effects on neural network activity. It can also provide an information rich platform by reporting the effects of compounds on a diverse array of neurotransmitter pathways, which are implicated in mammalian toxicology. "

The research, which is published in the latest issue of the journal PLOS One, is a joint project between the University's Centre for Biological Sciences and the Hybrid Biodevices Group.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/suOlhI48VTI/130522180134.htm

Super Bowl Winners what time does the superbowl start Kaepernick Tattoos superbowl time what time is the super bowl world war z groundhog day

Federal Reserve's Quantitative Easing Making U.S. Economy ...

Thursday, May 23rd, 2013
By Michael Lombardi, MBA for Profit Confidential

While testifying in front of the Joint Economic Committee in Washington regarding monetary policy and the economic outlook of the U.S. economy, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, said yesterday, ??the committee has said that it will continue its securities purchase until the outlook for the labor market has improved substantially in a context of price stability.? (Source: ?The Economic Outlook,? Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 22, 2013.) In other words, the Federal Reserve has made it clear, once again: it will not stop quantitative easing until the unemployment rate comes down.

The Federal Reserve continues printing $85.0 billion a month in new money, using this newly created money to purchase long-term U.S. bonds and mortgage-backed securities (MBS). The Fed has already inflated its balance sheet to over $3.0 trillion, and by keeping the pace of quantitative easing the same, its balance sheet will reach $4.0 trillion very quickly.

I believe the longer the Federal Reserve continues with the quantitative easing, the bigger the eventual troubles will be.

First of all, quantitative easing and artificially low interest rates by the Federal Reserve have essentially forced investors to take higher risk elsewhere, as guaranteed yields have collapsed. The yield on 10-year U.S. bonds is less than two percent; meanwhile, tax-favored dividends from the rising Dow Jones Industrial Average stocks pay 2.35%.

It is very well documented in these pages how investors are rushing to get higher yields as the Federal Reserve stays the course. Investors are adding junk bonds to their portfolio; conservative investors, like the central banks, are buying stocks; and bond funds are buying stocks, too. In the housing market, we have institutions buying distressed properties for cash, so they can fix them up and rent them out in hopes of a higher rate of return.

Secondly, the more paper money the Federal Reserve prints and injects into the U.S. economy, the bigger the impact it will have on the buying power of the average American. Inflation, which the Consumer Price Index (CPI) says is not there, is rising.

Last but not least, quantitative easing promised economic growth, but we really haven?t gotten it yet. We still have a significant number of Americans unemployed or working part-time because they are unable to find full-time jobs. But, oh yes, the stock market has risen.

Prolonged quantitative easing has not helped the U.S. economy; rather, it is creating bigger issues that we will eventually need to deal with, like the current stock market bubble. We only need to look at the Japanese economy to see the ineffectiveness of continued quantitative easing?it doesn?t work in the long term. Throwing money at our problems doesn?t solve the problems.

What He Said:

?Anyway you look at it; the U.S. housing market is in for a real beating. As I have written before, in the late 1920s, the real estate market crashed first, the stock market second and the economy third. This is the exact sequence of events I believe we are witnessing 80 years later.? Michael Lombardi in Profit Confidential, August 27, 2007. This was a dire prediction that came true.

VN:F [1.9.22_1171]

Rating: 0.0/10 (0 votes cast)

VN:F [1.9.22_1171]

Source: http://www.profitconfidential.com/michaels-personal-notes/federal-reserves-quantitative-easing-making-u-s-economy-fundamentally-weak/

Diaper the beach Fear Airport Terminal easter bunny easter april fools pranks

With high-tech guns, users could disable remotely

SAN JOSE, Calif. (AP) ? A high-tech startup is wading into the gun control debate with a wireless controller that would allow gun owners to know when their weapon is being moved ? and disable it remotely.

The technology, but not an actual gun, was slated to be demonstrated Tuesday at a wireless technology conference in Las Vegas and was shown to The Associated Press in advance. It comes at a time when lawmakers around the U.S. are considering contentious smart gun laws that would require new guns to include high-tech devices that limit who can fire them.

The new Yardarm Technologies LLC system would trigger an alarm on an owner's cellphone if a gun is moved, and the owner could then hit a button to activate the safety and disable the weapon. New guns would come with a microchip on the body and antennas winding around the grip. It would add about $50 to the cost of a gun, and about $12 a year for the service.

"The idea is to connect gun owners more directly with their guns, no matter what the circumstance," said Yardarm CEO Robert Stewart.

The Yardarm system is one of several recently introduced high-tech offerings: the iGun only fires if it recognizes a ring on a finger, the Intelligun uses a fingerprint locking system and TriggerSmart uses radio frequency identification.

The first smart guns were proposed more than 20 years ago, but they failed to take off for several reasons: questionable technology, added costs and concerns from some gun rights about limitations on Second Amendment rights.

Recent high-profile shootings, combined with new technologies, have revived interest. Sandy Hook Promise, a nonprofit created by Newtown, Conn., community members, is offering venture capital for new gun safety technologies, and President Barack Obama included smart guns as part of his plan to reduce gun violence.

Stewart said his company has addressed privacy concerns about its system, which would not only include live tracking but also a history of where a gun has been. Yardarm has an exclusive telephony network to avoid hackers and spotty wireless systems, and gun owners could "self-destruct" the technology on the guns themselves if they wish, he said.

National Rifle Association spokesman Andrew Arulanandam said his organization is concerned about added costs and the reliability of smart guns in general.

"We believe that the technology does not exist today where a so-called smart gun can operate with 100 percent or close to it reliability," he said, "and a firearm that does not function when it is required to is not a smart gun."

The added costs are "a luxury tax on self-defense," Arulanandam said.

At this point, there are no guns that can be wirelessly tracked or disabled, but there are systems that can locate and disable stolen cars. In 2011, one such company, OnStar LLC, came under fire for continuing to track customers' locations even after they discontinued their service. The company reversed the policy after a barrage of privacy complaints.

Last week, lawmakers in California and Massachusetts considered proposals to require gun makers to add high tech safety devices that allow only their owners to fire them. New Jersey has adopted a similar law.

Josh Sugarmann, executive director of the nonprofit Violence Policy Center, said his organization has no position on smart guns. However, he said he does oppose federal tax dollars for their research because they wouldn't impact the 310 million firearms already circulating in the U.S. today.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/high-tech-guns-users-could-disable-remotely-160228048.html

jeff who lives at home 49ers news saint louis university night at the museum pope shenouda bolton muamba crystal cathedral

Wednesday, May 22, 2013

'Whodunnit' of Irish potato famine solved

'Whodunnit' of Irish potato famine solved [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 21-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dr. Detlef Weigel
detlef.weigel@tuebingen.mpg.de
49-707-160-11410
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

An international team of scientists reveals that a unique strain of potato blight they call HERB-1 triggered the Irish potato famine of the mid-19th century

This news release is available in German.

It is the first time scientists have decoded the genome of a plant pathogen and its plant host from dried herbarium samples. This opens up a new area of research to understand how pathogens evolve and how human activity impacts the spread of plant disease.

Phytophthora infestans changed the course of history. Even today, the Irish population has still not recovered to pre-famine levels. "We have finally discovered the identity of the exact strain that caused all this havoc", says Hernn Burbano from the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology.

For research to be published in eLife, a team of molecular biologists from Europe and the US reconstructed the spread of the potato blight pathogen from dried plants. Although these were 170 to 120 years old, they were found to have many intact pieces of DNA.

"Herbaria represent a rich and untapped source from which we can learn a tremendous amount about the historical distribution of plants and their pests - and also about the history of the people who grew these plants," according to Kentaro Yoshida from The Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich.

The researchers examined the historical spread of the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, known as the Irish potato famine pathogen. A strain called US-1 was long thought to have been the cause of the fatal outbreak. The current study concludes that a strain new to science was responsible. While more closely related to the US-1 strain than to other modern strains, it is unique. "Both strains seem to have separated from each other only years before the first major outbreak in Europe," says Burbano.

The researchers compared the historic samples with modern strains from Europe, Africa and the Americas as well as two closely related Phytophthora species. The scientists were able to estimate with confidence when the various Phytophthora strains diverged from each other during evolutionary time. The HERB-1 strain of Phytophthora infestans likely emerged in the early 1800s and continued its global conquest throughout the 19th century. Only in the twentieth century, after new potato varieties were introduced, was HERB-1 replaced by another Phytophthora infestans strain, US-1.

The scientists found several connections with historic events. The first contact between Europeans and Americans in Mexico in the sixteenth century coincides with a remarkable increase in the genetic diversity of Phytophthora. The social upheaval during that time may have led to a spread of the pathogen from its center of origin in Toluca Valley, Mexico. This in turn would have accelerated its evolution.

The international team came to these conclusions after deciphering the entire genomes of 11 historical samples of Phytophthora infestans from potato leaves collected over more than 50 years. These came from Ireland, the UK, Europe and North America and had been preserved in the herbaria of the Botanical State Collection Munich and the Kew Gardens in London.

"Both herbaria placed a great deal of confidence in our abilities and were very generous in providing the dried plants," said Marco Thines from the Senckenberg Museum and Goethe University in Frankfurt, one of the co-authors of this study. "The degree of DNA preservation in the herbarium samples really surprised us," adds Johannes Krause from the University of Tbingen, another co-author. Because of the remarkable DNA quality and quantity in the herbarium samples, the research team could evaluate the entire genome of Phytophthora infestans and its host, the potato, within just a few weeks.

Crop breeding methods may impact on the evolution of pathogens. This study directly documents the effect of plant breeding on the genetic makeup of a pathogen.

"Perhaps this strain became extinct when the first resistant potato varieties were bred at the beginning of the twentieth century," speculates Yoshida. "What is for certain is that these findings will greatly help us to understand the dynamics of emerging pathogens. This type of work paves the way for the discovery of many more treasures of knowledge hidden in herbaria."

###

Original publication:

Kentaro Yoshida et al.

Herbarium metagenomics reveals the rise and fall of the Phytophthora lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine eLife, in press, doi 10.7554/elife.00731


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


'Whodunnit' of Irish potato famine solved [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 21-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dr. Detlef Weigel
detlef.weigel@tuebingen.mpg.de
49-707-160-11410
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

An international team of scientists reveals that a unique strain of potato blight they call HERB-1 triggered the Irish potato famine of the mid-19th century

This news release is available in German.

It is the first time scientists have decoded the genome of a plant pathogen and its plant host from dried herbarium samples. This opens up a new area of research to understand how pathogens evolve and how human activity impacts the spread of plant disease.

Phytophthora infestans changed the course of history. Even today, the Irish population has still not recovered to pre-famine levels. "We have finally discovered the identity of the exact strain that caused all this havoc", says Hernn Burbano from the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology.

For research to be published in eLife, a team of molecular biologists from Europe and the US reconstructed the spread of the potato blight pathogen from dried plants. Although these were 170 to 120 years old, they were found to have many intact pieces of DNA.

"Herbaria represent a rich and untapped source from which we can learn a tremendous amount about the historical distribution of plants and their pests - and also about the history of the people who grew these plants," according to Kentaro Yoshida from The Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich.

The researchers examined the historical spread of the fungus-like oomycete Phytophthora infestans, known as the Irish potato famine pathogen. A strain called US-1 was long thought to have been the cause of the fatal outbreak. The current study concludes that a strain new to science was responsible. While more closely related to the US-1 strain than to other modern strains, it is unique. "Both strains seem to have separated from each other only years before the first major outbreak in Europe," says Burbano.

The researchers compared the historic samples with modern strains from Europe, Africa and the Americas as well as two closely related Phytophthora species. The scientists were able to estimate with confidence when the various Phytophthora strains diverged from each other during evolutionary time. The HERB-1 strain of Phytophthora infestans likely emerged in the early 1800s and continued its global conquest throughout the 19th century. Only in the twentieth century, after new potato varieties were introduced, was HERB-1 replaced by another Phytophthora infestans strain, US-1.

The scientists found several connections with historic events. The first contact between Europeans and Americans in Mexico in the sixteenth century coincides with a remarkable increase in the genetic diversity of Phytophthora. The social upheaval during that time may have led to a spread of the pathogen from its center of origin in Toluca Valley, Mexico. This in turn would have accelerated its evolution.

The international team came to these conclusions after deciphering the entire genomes of 11 historical samples of Phytophthora infestans from potato leaves collected over more than 50 years. These came from Ireland, the UK, Europe and North America and had been preserved in the herbaria of the Botanical State Collection Munich and the Kew Gardens in London.

"Both herbaria placed a great deal of confidence in our abilities and were very generous in providing the dried plants," said Marco Thines from the Senckenberg Museum and Goethe University in Frankfurt, one of the co-authors of this study. "The degree of DNA preservation in the herbarium samples really surprised us," adds Johannes Krause from the University of Tbingen, another co-author. Because of the remarkable DNA quality and quantity in the herbarium samples, the research team could evaluate the entire genome of Phytophthora infestans and its host, the potato, within just a few weeks.

Crop breeding methods may impact on the evolution of pathogens. This study directly documents the effect of plant breeding on the genetic makeup of a pathogen.

"Perhaps this strain became extinct when the first resistant potato varieties were bred at the beginning of the twentieth century," speculates Yoshida. "What is for certain is that these findings will greatly help us to understand the dynamics of emerging pathogens. This type of work paves the way for the discovery of many more treasures of knowledge hidden in herbaria."

###

Original publication:

Kentaro Yoshida et al.

Herbarium metagenomics reveals the rise and fall of the Phytophthora lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine eLife, in press, doi 10.7554/elife.00731


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/m-oi051713.php

stand your ground law dancing with the stars season 14 david garrard michael bay ninja turtles san antonio weather mike daisey nicollette sheridan

World Bank Announces US$1 Billion Pledge To Africa?s Great Lakes Region: On the...

World Bank Announces US$1 Billion Pledge... - Modern Ghana web | Facebook

LikeModern Ghana web ? 20,046 like this7 hours ago ?
  • World Bank Announces US$1 Billion Pledge To Africa?s Great Lakes Region: On the first day of an historic joint... http://t.co/1jbiNiYcqM
    bit.lybit.lyLike ? Comment ? @modernghanaweb on Twitter

Source: http://www.facebook.com/modernghanaweb/posts/10151362891341199

black panther party frank martin pink slime eagle cam trayvon martin case affordable care act the line